Low-Carbon Product Family Planning for Manufacturing as a Service (MaaS): Bilevel Optimization with Linear Physical Programming

The conversion of manufacturing functional areas towards services implies a paradigm Manufacturing as Service (MaaS). It transforms the product fulfillment process to distributed one via service-oriented platform. Successful MaaS operational planning must be coordinated with low-carbon family (PFP) at front end design and development. These changes challenge traditional PFP design, considering its manufacturer loading balancing (MLB) problem, which is limited integrated fulfillment. This paper proposes leader–follower interactive decision-making mechanism for collaborative MLB based on Stackelberg game. A bilevel optimization model linear physical programming was developed solved, comprising an upper-level problem lower-level problem. aims determine optimal configuration each variant objective maximizing market share total profit in family. seeks partition processes among manufacturers order minimize operation cost variants balance loads manufacturers. case study WS custom kitchen reported demonstrate feasibility potential proposed approach.